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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SIS-Modell</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>SIS-Model</b> bezeichnet man in der mathematischen <a href="Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">Epidemiologie</a>, einem Teilgebiet der <a href="Theoretische_Biologie" title="Theoretische Biologie">Theoretischen Biologie</a>, einen semi-realistischen Ansatz zur Beschreibung der Ausbreitung von ansteckenden Krankheiten ohne Immunitätsbildung. Dieser Artikel benutzt die Differentialgleichungen. Ein einführender Artikel mit elementarer Mathematik findet sich bei <a href="Mathematische_Modellierung_der_Epidemiologie" title="Mathematische Modellierung der Epidemiologie">Mathematische Modellierung der Epidemiologie</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voraussetzungen">Voraussetzungen</h2></div>
<p>Beim SIS-Modell werden zwei Gruppen von Individuen unterschieden: Zum Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed5c98226fcae6540afa928ccb8c2245844ac0a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.148ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der Gesunden (<b>s</b>usceptible individuals) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2434c9d80c34c95e25cc81ba6700f756a29dac5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.821ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Zahl der Infizierten (<b>i</b>nfectious individuals). Weiterhin sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> die Gesamtzahl der Individuen. Das SIS-Modell kann dann für Krankheiten verwendet werden, die folgende Eigenschaften aufweisen:
</p>
<ul><li>Jedes Individuum geht nach der Heilung der Krankheit sofort wieder in die Gruppe der Gesunden über und kann erneut angesteckt werden.</li>
<li>Infizierte sind sofort ansteckend.</li>
<li>Gesunde erkranken mit der linearen Rate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Infizierte genesen mit der linearen Rate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Jede Gruppe interagiert miteinander mit derselben Wahrscheinlichkeit. Dies rechtfertigt die Annahme linearer Zusammenhänge.</li>
<li>Alle Parameter bleiben im biologisch sinnvollen Bereich, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t),I(t)\in [0,\infty )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t),I(t)\in [0,\infty )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17e49590c5e091c5e5d1ea8f96be266b2f81ce12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.915ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t),I(t)\in [0,\infty )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differentialgleichungen_des_SIS-Modells">Differentialgleichungen des SIS-Modells</h2></div>
<p>Die Ausbreitung der betrachteten Krankheit wird meist in Form von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen formuliert:
</p>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-block"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} S}{\mathrm {d} t}}&=-cIS+\omega I\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}&=cIS-\omega I.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} S}{\mathrm {d} t}}&=-cIS+\omega I\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}&=cIS-\omega I.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span></span>Aus den Gleichungen folgt die Erhaltung der Populationsgröße:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-block"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} N}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} S}{\mathrm {d} t}}=0\Rightarrow N=I(t)+S(t)={\text{const.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>const.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} N}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} S}{\mathrm {d} t}}=0\Rightarrow N=I(t)+S(t)={\text{const.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span></span>
</p><p>Wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t)=N-I(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t)=N-I(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04d2f0d728d5cfdfd487414bee598162628e6e99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.971ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t)=N-I(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich das SIS-Modell vollständig durch
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-block"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}=cI(N-I)-\omega I=(cN-\omega )I-cI^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}=cI(N-I)-\omega I=(cN-\omega )I-cI^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span></span>beschreiben. Definiere <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=cN-\omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=cN-\omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d33a6e4a23e9f3bb1e887467aea06095d38693a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.198ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=cN-\omega }" loading="lazy"></span>, wodurch sich die DGL als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}=(A-cI)I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}=(A-cI)I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b64f451d876fcc48366ef024df4aec1e07b3ddb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.142ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{\mathrm {d} t}}=(A-cI)I}" loading="lazy"></span> schreiben lässt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lösungen_der_Differentialgleichung"><span id="L.C3.B6sungen_der_Differentialgleichung"></span>Lösungen der Differentialgleichung</h3></div>
<p>Durch Trennung der Variablen folgt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{(A-cI)I}}=\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>I</mi>
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<mi>I</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{(A-cI)I}}=\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dad6f6988d573ca29a3743f2f0a91c37e8c4a811.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.81ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} I}{(A-cI)I}}=\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span>, woraus durch eine einfache <a href="Partialbruchzerlegung" title="Partialbruchzerlegung">Partialbruchzerlegung</a> und Integration die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2434c9d80c34c95e25cc81ba6700f756a29dac5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.821ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Anfangsbedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I(0)=I_{0}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I(0)=I_{0}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a6d71c45d9abb44d0bc73e13f4e6379932170c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I(0)=I_{0}>0}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt:<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-block"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I(t)={\frac {AI_{0}e^{At}}{A+cI_{0}\left(e^{At}-1\right)}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I(t)={\frac {AI_{0}e^{At}}{A+cI_{0}\left(e^{At}-1\right)}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span></span>Die Zahl der Gesunden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed5c98226fcae6540afa928ccb8c2245844ac0a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.148ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S(t)=N-I(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S(t)=N-I(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04d2f0d728d5cfdfd487414bee598162628e6e99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.971ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S(t)=N-I(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der Lösung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2434c9d80c34c95e25cc81ba6700f756a29dac5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.821ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analyse_der_DGLs_durch_dimensionslose_Größen"><span id="Analyse_der_DGLs_durch_dimensionslose_Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fen"></span>Analyse der DGLs durch dimensionslose Größen</h3></div>
<p>Zur Vereinfachung der Analyse geht man zu dimensionslosen Größen über: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{1}:={\frac {S}{N}},u_{2}:={\frac {I}{N}},\theta =\omega t,r:={\frac {cN}{\omega }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
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<mo>:=</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>:=</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{1}:={\frac {S}{N}},u_{2}:={\frac {I}{N}},\theta =\omega t,r:={\frac {cN}{\omega }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca004c4cd150e688a69d426c01eb1888dd020347.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.335ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{1}:={\frac {S}{N}},u_{2}:={\frac {I}{N}},\theta =\omega t,r:={\frac {cN}{\omega }}}" loading="lazy"></span><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-block"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {du_{1}}{d\theta }}&=-ru_{1}u_{2}+u_{2}\\{\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}&=ru_{1}u_{2}-u_{2}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {du_{1}}{d\theta }}&=-ru_{1}u_{2}+u_{2}\\{\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}&=ru_{1}u_{2}-u_{2}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span></span>
</p><p>Die Änderung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6cdc0368fef9fc2783e8a3b4ac3bdc28d1dcd2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:4.436ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann nach oben abgeschätzt werden durch: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}=ru_{2}-u_{2}=(r-1)u_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}=ru_{2}-u_{2}=(r-1)u_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b469473e127ce0200d74bcef61e9ae809f9cdbf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:28.534ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {du_{2}}{d\theta }}=ru_{2}-u_{2}=(r-1)u_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Diese vereinfachte Differentialgleichung führt für r < 1 auf einen exponentiellen Abfall, damit verschwindet die Krankheit vollständig aus der Population. Für r > 1 wird auf lange Sicht der Fixpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\frac {1}{r}},1-{\frac {1}{r}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\frac {1}{r}},1-{\frac {1}{r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/364f99f06e217089ac3d47e31efc8bb2b006f6a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.843ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\frac {1}{r}},1-{\frac {1}{r}})}" loading="lazy"></span> angestrebt. Die Krankheit bleibt verbreitet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abgrenzungen_zu_weiteren_Modellen">Abgrenzungen zu weiteren Modellen</h2></div>
<p>Neben dem SIS-Modell gibt es in der Epidemiologie weitere einfache Modelle, die mit gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen beschrieben werden können. Das sind insbesondere die folgenden:
</p>
<ul><li>Das SIS-Modell stellt eine Erweiterung zum <a href="SI-Modell" title="SI-Modell">SI-Modell</a> dar, bei dem Individuen nicht gesunden können.</li>
<li>Eine alternative Erweiterung ist das <a href="SIR-Modell" title="SIR-Modell">SIR-Modell</a>, bei dem Individuen immun gegen die Krankheit werden.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="SI-Modell" title="SI-Modell">SI-Modell</a> (Ansteckung ohne Gesundung)</li>
<li><a href="SIR-Modell" title="SIR-Modell">SIR-Modell</a> (Ausbreitung von ansteckenden Krankheiten mit Immunitätsbildung)</li>
<li><a href="SEIR-Modell" title="SEIR-Modell">SEIR-Modell</a> (Ausbreitung von ansteckenden Krankheiten mit Immunitätsbildung, bei denen Infizierte nicht sofort infektiös sind)</li>
<li><a href="Basisreproduktionszahl" title="Basisreproduktionszahl">Basisreproduktionszahl</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamisches_System" title="Dynamisches System">Dynamisches System</a> (mathematischer Oberbegriff)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Nicholas F. Britton: <i>Essential Mathematical Biology</i>. Springer</li>
<li>Sebastian Möhler: Ausbreitung von Infektionskrankheiten. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~wegert/Lehre/Seminar3/moehler.pdf">tu-Freiburg</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 12. März 2020]).</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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